
Class _JOl5.£64_ 

Book JF^_ 



Copyright^ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



TELEGRAPHY 

AND HOW TO LEARN IT 







3 






TELEGRAPHY 

AND 

HOW TO LEARN IT 

WITH BRIEF CHAPTERS 

ON 

ELEMENTARY SCIENCE 

EMBRACING 

VARIOUS KINDS OF ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL MEAS- 
UREMENTS, THERMO-FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY, 
BATTERIES, MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM 



BY WILSON FREDERIC 



Publishers 
THE HENNEBERRY CO. 

Chicago 



THE LIBRARY <BF 

GONG ft ESS, 
Two CofHW Receive* 

MAR, ' 1902 

0OPYRKJHT ENTRY 

&4u^. 11*1 GO ( 
CLASS C&XXx n*. 

copy a. 



v- 






Copyrighted 1901 

BY 

THE HENNEBERRY CO. 










CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

Meanings of Electricity » 9 

CHAPTER II. 

Current Electricity 12 

CHAPTER III. 

Batteries 20 

CHAPTER IV. 

Electrical Measurements . . 27 

CHAPTER. V. 

Magnets and Magnetism 33 

CHAPTER VI. 

Thermo-Electricity 41 

CHAPTER VII. 

Frictional Electricity 45 

TELEGRAPHY. 

Instructions in Telegraphy ~.... 47 

Alphabet 49 

Explanations and Directions 50 

Position and Movement 52 

Exercises 54 

Abbreviations 62 

Messages 68 

How to Put the Battery in Operation 79 

The Earth as a Conductor 82 

How to Set the Learner's Instrument for Practice, 83 



INTRODUCTION. 



The aim of the author has been to present 
in a clear, concise form, a complete treatise 
on Elementary Electricity and Practical 
Telegraphy. As the title implies, a twofold 
treatment of the subject is presented, for, 
from the nature of the science the two di- 
visions are inseparable, and therefore unit- 
edly they form the "Science and Art of Tel- 
egraphy." 

Nothing has been introduced which would 
render the treatise too technical for the be- 
ginner, nor has anything been slighted or 
omitted; but on the other hand, its scope and 
treatment is within the comprehension of 
all students. Whether in the wording of the 
definitions, or the placing of exercises or il- 
lustrations, the student will find it extreme- 
ly prastical and easy to acquire. In this one 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

respect alone it is vastly superior to any of 
the several similar works published. 

The chapters on Current Electricity, Elec- 
trical Measurements, Thermo-Electricity, 
Frictional Electricity, Batteries, Magnets 
and Magnetism, are beyond question the 
simplest ever offered the beginner in Teleg- 
raphy, and after a few readings and a little 
experimenting, the young telegrapher should 
be able to construct his own batteries and 
erect his own lines. Two or more persons 
should take up the study together, so as to 
enable each to study the good and bad qual- 
ities in the other. Kindly criticism should 
be given and taken in the same spirit, for 
not every person has an equal adaptability 
for the same line of work. A short line 
should be constructed with an instrument at 
each end. These are usually placed in the 
home so as to enable the student to send 
frequent messages to the other, thus acquir- 
ing not only speed but accuracy from the 
beginning. 



TELEGRAPHY 

A.ND HOW TO LEARN IT. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE MEANINGS OF ELECTRICITY. 

Electricity in all its meanings is a mani- 
festation of energy, exhibiting itself when in 
disturbed equilibrium or in activity by a 
circuit movement, the fact of direction in 
which involves polarity, or opposition of 
properties in opposite directions; also, by 
attraction for many substances, by a law in- 
volving attraction between surfaces of un- 
like polarity, and repulsion between those 
of like; by exhibiting accumulated polar 
tension when the circuit is broken; and by 
producing heat, light, concussion, and often 
chemical changes when the circuit passes be- 
tween the poles or through any imperfectly 

9 



10 TELEGRAPHY. 

conducting substance or space. It is gener- 
ally brought into action by any disturbance 
of molecular equilibrium, whether from a 
chemical, physical, or mechanical cause. 

Electricity is manifested under the fol- 
lowing different forms: (a) Frictional, or 
common electricity, electricity in the condi- 
tion of a stationary charge, in which the dis- 
turbance is produced by friction, as of glass, 
amber, etc., or by induction, (b) Dynamical 
electricity, called also Voltaic electricity, 
electricity in motion, or as a current pro- 
duced by chemical decomposition, as by 
means of a voltaic battery, or by mechanical 
action, as by dynamo-electric machines. ( c ) 
Thermo-electricity, in which the disturbing 
cause is heat. It is developed by uniting 
two pieces of unlike metals in a bar, and 
then heating the bar unequally, (d) At- 
mospheric electricity, any condition of elec- 
trical disturbance in the atmosphere or 
clouds, due to some or all of the above men- 
tioned causes, (e) Magnetic electricity, 



MEANINGS OF ELECTRICITY. 11 

electricity developed by the action of mag- 
nets, (f) Positive electricity, the electricity 
that appears at the positive pole or anode of 
a battery, or that is produced by friction of 
glass; called also vitreous electricity, (g) 
Negative electricity, the electricity that ap- 
pears at the negative pole or cathode, or 
is produced by the friction of resinous sub- 
stances; called also resinous electricity. 
(h) Organic electricity, that which is devel- 
oped in organic structures, either animal or 
vegetable, the phrase animal electricity be- 
ing much more common. 



CHAPTER II. 

CURRENT ELECTRICITY. 

Take a strip of sheet-copper and a strip of 
sheet-zinc, each about 10cm. long and 4cin. 
wide; connect them by means of a wire of 
any metal, the points of contact being clean. 
Take also a tumbler two-thirds full of water, 
and to it add two tablespoonfuls of sul- 
phuric acid and then place the metals in the 
liquid. 

It appears that there must be a connec- 
tion, and that, too, of a particular kind, be- 
tween the two metals, in order that action 
may occur. The connecting wire is an im- 
portant factor in the changes that occur and 
it seems altogether probable that some in- 
fluence is exerted by the metals upon one 
another through the wire; in other words, 
that something unusual is going on in the 
wire when so used. 



CURRENT ELECTRICITY. 13 

From this experiment, it appears that 
when the zinc and copper are thus placed in 
acid and connected by wire, the wire exhib- 
its unusual properties. The cause of these 
and many other allied phenomena is called 
electricity, and these properties in the wire 
are attributed to the passage of an electric 
current through it. 

Experiments show that the current tra- 
verses the liquid between the metallic plates 
in the battery at the same time that it tra- 
verses the connecting wire, so that the cur- 
rent makes a complete circuit, The term 
circuit is applied to the entire path along 
which electricity is supposed to flow, and 
the wire along which it flows is called the 
conductor. Bringing the two extremities of 
the wires in contact, and separating them, 
is called, technically, making and breaking, 
or closing and opening, the circuit. 

An arrangement of acidulated water and 
two metals is called a voltaic cell, element, 
or pair. A series of cells, properly con- 



14 TELEGRAPHY^ 

nected, is called a battery, though this term 
is sometimes applied to a single cell. 

It is necessary, in defining a current, to 
know its direction; but as no phenomena 
known serve to indicate the direction, elec- 
tricians have universally agreed to assume 
that in such a cell as described the elec- 
tricity flows from the copper to the zinc in 
the wire. 





By placing the conducting wire over and 
parallel with a magnetic needle, in the man- 
ner represented in Fig. 1 the north end of 
the needle will be deflected toward the right ; 
but if the cell is turned half way around 
so as to have the position as in Fig. 2 the 
north end will be deflected toward the left. 



CURRENT ELECTRICITY. 15 

The copper strip is frequently called the 
negative plate, and the zinc strip the posi- 
tive plate, and the end of any conductor con- 
nected with the copper or negative plate is 
called the positive pole, or electrode, while 
the end connected with the zinc or positive 
plate is called the negative pole, or electrode. 
Then, by our assumption, if we bring to- 
gether the + and — electrodes, the current 
passes from the former to the latter, across 
the junction; and generally that plate and 
that electrode is + from which the current 
goes, and that plate and that electrode is — 
to which the current goes. The current flows 
within the cell, from the zinc to the copper. 

If a current of water is to flow from one 
vessel (A) to another (B) through a pipe, 
we know that there must be a greater pres- 
sure at the end of the pipe next A than at 
the other end; i.e., in ordinary language, the 
head of water in A is higher than in B. So 
in the study of electricity we find two bod- 
ies in different conditions such that a cur- 



16 TELEGRAPHY. 

rent of electricity flows from one (A) to 
the other (B), and we say that A has a 
higher potential than B. In the experiments 
above stated the + electrode, or the wire 
connected with the copper, has a higher po- 
tential (according to our assumption for the 
direction of the current) than the — elec- 
trode or the wire connected with the zinc. 

It is not necessary that we know the 
height from the center of the earth, or above 
the level of the sea> of a reservoir, and the 
tank it is to fill ; what we want to know is 
the difference in height between the two. 
Just so it is the difference of the potential 
that determines the direction of the flow, 
and the quantity of electricity that is to floiv 
through a given conductor in a given time. 
Sometimes the potential of a body is ex- 
pressed as so many units above or below 
that of the earth, assumed as zero. 

If the magnetic needle is placed over the 
current, its deflection is the reverse of that 
produced when placed beneath it. This tends 



CURRENT ELECTRICITY. 17 

to confuse ; but an artifice, proposed by Am- 
pere, will readily enable us to determine the 
deflection, when the direction of the current 
is known, and to determine the direction 
of the current when that of the deflection 
is known. He suggests that toe imagine 
ourselves to be swimming in the current, 
and with the current, and facing the needle; 
in which case the north end of the needle 
%cill always be deflected towards our left. 

The magnetic needle serves the double 
purpose of determining both the presence 
and direction of a current in a wire. A 
needle used for these purposes is called a 
galvanoscope. Electricity set in motion by 
a voltaic battery is called galvanic or voltaic 
and sometimes current electricity. 

If you take the liquid from a battery after 
considerable zinc has disappeared in it, and 
evaporate it, there will crystallize out of it 
a white, transparent solid in needle-like 
crystals. This substance is a compound re- 
sulting from chemical action between zinc 



18 « TELEGRAPHY. 

and sulphuric acid, and is called zinc sul- 
phate. Hydrogen is another product of the 
action. The water serves as a solvent of 
the zinc sulphate. The chemist symbolizes 
sulphuric acid thus, H 2 S0 4 ; zinc, Zn. He 
describes the change that occurs by saying 
that the zinc replaces the hydrogen H 2 in the 
acid; in other words, the hydrogen is set 
free from the combination, while the SO* 
part of the acid unites with the zinc, and 
forms zinc sulphate, Zn SO*. But we have 
also discovered another important result of 
the operation, namely, that electricity i$ de- 
veloped by the chemical action between the 
liquid and the zinc. 

We have already become familiar with the 
fact that chemical potential energy In a 
lump of coal may be converted into kinetic 
energy. Similarly, we might burn zinc to 
generate heat. Coal and zinc, then, possess 
a tendency to enter into new combinations; 
this tendency is usually called chemical en- 
ergy or chemism. It exists in a potential 



CURRENT ELECTRICITY. 19 

condition, until it is aroused from this dor- 
mant state by bringing together suitable 
substances. When chemical energy becomes 
kinetic it may be transformed into mechani- 
cal energy, as when a cannon-ball is set in 
motion by the burning of gunpowder; or it 
may be changed into heat, as in the ordinary 
burning of fuel ; or into both heat and elec- 
tric energy, as in the burning of zinc in the 
battery. 



CHAPTER III. i 

BATTERIES. 

When the zinc and copper elements are 
first placed in the dilute acid a very good 
current of electricity is produced ; but the 
current soon becomes feeble. The cause is 
easily discovered. The liberated hydrogen 
adheres very strongly to the copper, as there 
is nothing for it to unite with chemically; 
and therefore the plate is very soon visibly 
covered with bubbles, which may be scraped 
off with a feather or swab, but only to have 
the same thing repeated. This coating of 
bubbles impedes, to a considerable extent, 
the flow of electricity, and diminishes the 
current. Besides, a plate coated with hydro- 
gen is more strongly electro-positive than 
usual, and so, as the coating slowly forms, 
the difference of potential between the two 

plates becomes less and less; the current, 

20 



BATTERIES. 21 

therefore, must become weaker and weaker 
as the coating thickens. This action is usu- 
ally called polarization of the plates. Very 
many methods have been devised for reme- 
dying these evils. They are all included in 
two classes : mechanical and chemical meth- 
ods. 

The same battery (Fig. 3) is an example 
of the former class. A silver plate, or some- 
times a lead plate, is coated 
with a fine, powdery deposit 
of platinum, which gives the 
surface a rough character, so 
that the hydrogen will not 
readily adhere to it. Dilute 
sulphuric acid is used in this 
battery. This plate is sus- 

FIG. 3 

pended between two zinc 
plates, but not allowed to touch them. 

A very effective battery may be con- 
structed by so arranging that the copper 
plate may revolve in the liquid, so that the 
hydrogen may be removed by friction be- 




TELEGRAPHY. 



tween the plate and liquid, but this necessi- 
tates a constant force to keep the plate in 
motion. No mechanical method can wholly 
prevent the collection of hydrogen on the 
electro-negative plate. This can only be 
completely accomplished by furnishing 
some chemical with which the hydrogen, as 
soon as liberated, may go into combination. 
In the Grenet or bottle battery the hydro- 
gen is disposed of by chemical action. The 
chemical action is quite com- 
plex, and will therefore be 
omitted. The liquid used is a 
mixture of potassium bichro- 
mate and sulphuric acid dis- 
solved in water. The zinc 
plate (Fig. 4) is suspended 
between two carbon plates. 
The carbons remain in the 
F,G " 4 liquid all the time. (Carbon 
is now largely used in batteries for the 
electro-negative plate. ) 
This battery gives a very energetic cur- 




RATTERIE3. 23 

rent f*r a short time, but the liquid soon 
becomes exhausted. It is a very convenient 
battery, for when not in use, we have only 
to draw the zinc out of the liquid by the 
brass stem, and, on pushing the zinc back 
into the liquid, action commences immedi- 
ately. It is well to allow the battery to 
"rest" occasionally by withdrawing the zinc 
from the liquid for a short time. With one 
Grenet cell nearly every experiment de- 
scribed in this book can be performed. 

There is, also, besides the single- fluid bat- 
teries, a large number of two-fluid batteries. 
The zinc is immersed in the liquid to be de- 
composed by it, which most frequently is 
dilute sulphuric acid, and the conducting 
plate is surrounded with a liquid which can 
be decomposed by hydrogen. The two 
liquids are usually separated by a porous 
partition of unglazed earthenware, which 
prevents the liquids from mingling, except 
very slowly, but does not prevent the passage 
pf hydrogen or electricity. Bussen's battery 



/ 



24 



TELEGRAPHY. 



(Fig. 5) has a bar of carbon immersed in 
strong nitric acid contained in a porous cup. 
This cup is then placed in another vessel con- 
taining the dilute sulphuric acid; and im- 
mersed in the same liquid is 
a hollow, cylindrical plate 
of zinc, which nearly sur- 
rounds the porous cup. The 
hydrogen traverses, by de- 
composition and recomposi- 
tion. The sulphuric acid 
passes through the porous 
partition and immediately 
enters into chemical action 
with the nitric acid, so that none reaches 
the carbon. There are produced by this 
action, water — which in time dilutes the 
acid — and orange-colored fumes of nitric 
oxide, which rise from the battery. 
These fumes are very offensive, corrosive, 
and poisonous. If the nitric acid is first sat- 
urated with nitrate of ammonium, the acid 
will last longer without dilution, and the 




BATTERIES. 25 

fumes are almost entirely prevented. Strong 
sulphuric acid will not answer in any bat- 
tery. Usually, to one part of sulphuric 
acid about 12 parts by weight or 20 by vol- 
ume of water are added to dissolve the sul- 
phate of zinc formed, zinc sulphate not be- 
ing dissolved by strong sulphuric acid. 

Grove used a strip of platinum instead of 
the carbon rod in his battery. When car- 
bon is used for the negative plate, a solution 
of bichromate of potassium is frequently 
substituted for nitric acid, and thereby the 
disagreeable fumes are avoided. Bunsen ? s 
and Grove's batteries are unequalled for 
powerful and constant currents, and are the 
best for ordinary lecture-room experiments; 
but they require frequent attention, and are 
expensive, so that they are little used for 
work of long duration. 

The battery principally used in this coun- 
try for telegraphing is called the gravity 
battery. A copper plate (Fig. 6) is placed 
on the bottom of a vessel and covered 



26 



TELEGRAPHY. 



with crystals of copper sulphate (blue vit- 
riol), and the whole covered with water. As 
the vitriol dissolves, its 
specific gravity causes it 
to remain at the bottom, 
in contact with the copper 
plate. The zinc plate is 
suspended in the clear 
liquid above. To start the 
action quickly, a teaspoon- 
ful of common salt or of 
zinc sulphate is dissolved 
in the water. As the chem- 
ical action proceeds, the 
vitriol is decomposed, its 
sulphuric acid constituent unites with the 
zinc, forming soluble zinc sulphate, and the 
copper constituent is deposited in a metal- 
lic state on the copper plate. The zinc does 
not require amalgamation, 




FIG. 6 



CHAPTER IV. 

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. 

The wonderful developments of electrical 
science in recent years are almost wholly 
due to a better understanding of what elec- 
trical measurements can and ought to be 
made, and how to make them. Most of this 
increased knowledge has been gained since 
the first Atlantic cable failed in 1858. 

It is evident that the thermal and lumin- 
ous effects of electrical discharges, electro- 
chemical decomposition, the deflection of 
the magnetic needle, the magnetization of 
iron, and even physiological effects, or any 
external manifestation, may be employed 
to detect the presence of an electric current 
in a circuit however extended. Since the 
magnitude of any effect varies as its cause, 
it is also obvious that the magnitude of 
these effects may serve to measure the 
strength of the current. Now, as the quan- 

37 



28 TELEGRAPHY. 

tity of water that passes through a given 
pipe in a minute, or an hour, indicates the 
strength of the current, so by the strength 
of an electric current is meant the quantity 
of electricity that passes through an elec- 
trical conductor in a unit of time. 

The quantity of electricity that passes 
any cross section of any conductor in the 
same circuit, however long, is, unless there 
is a leakage at some point, necessarily the 
same. We may, therefore, introduce a plat- 
inum wire into any part of the circuit, and 
measure the strength of a current by the 
temperature to which the wire is raised ; or 
we may decompose water and collect the 
gases resulting therefrom; the strength of 
current is measured by the quantity of gas 
liberated in a unit of time. The latter ar- 
rangement, called a voltameter, is easily con* 
structed and is sufficiently accurate for 
many purposes. 

In Fig. 7 there is a glass tube 50 cm. long 
and 3 cm. in diameter (a much shorter tube 



ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. 



29 



will answer; for example, a large sized test- 
tube), closed at one end, and graduated in 
cubic centimeters (this may be done by 
means of a paper scale pasted 
on one side of the tube) ; there 
is a bottomless glass bottle be- 
neath of about one liter capac- 
ity. Through the stopper of 
the bottle pass two wires, in- 
sulated with gutta-percha or 
sealing wax, terminating in 
platinum strips, which are in- 
troduced a little way into the 
tube. The tube is filled with 
water slightly acidulated with 
sulphuric acid, and its orifice 
is immersed in the same kind of liquid, 
which partly fills the bottle. When the 
wires are connected with a battery of two 
or more cells the gases arising from the 
decomposition of the water will collect in 
the top of the tube and displace the liquid. 
The instrument in most common use for 




30 TELEGRAPHY. 

measuring current-strength is the magnetic 
needle, which, besides its ordinary use as 
a galvanoscope, performs the still more im- 
portant office of a galvanometer. The sim- 
ple magnetic needle, used as already de- 
scribed, answers tolerably well when the 
currents are strong, but it is not sensitive 
enough to be sensibly moved by very weak 
currents. If two equal currents, flowing 
in the same direction, are placed one above 
and the other below a magnetic needle, they 
tend to produce opposite deflections, and 
to neutralize one another's effect, so that 
no deflection occurs. Evidently, if they flow 
in opposite directions, they tend to produce 
a deflection in the same direction, and the 
result is a deflection twice as great as that 
produced by a single current The same 
result is accomplished if the same current 
is made to pass both above and below a 
needle, as in A, Figure 8. If the wire were 
carried four times around the needle, 
the influence of the current on the needle 



. ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. 31 

would be about four times that of a single 
turn. Very sensitive galvanometers con- 
structed on this principle often, with thou- 
sands of turns of wire, are sometimes called 
long-coil galvanometers, in distinction from 
those having few turns, which are called 
short-coil galvanometers. 

The arrangement described above is more 




5> 




FIG. 8 



commonly used as a galvanoscope than a 
galvanometer, though it may be so cali- 
brated as to answer the latter purpose. The 
law connecting the current strength with 
the deflection of the needle of this galva- 
nometer is not known ; but in another form, 
called the tangent galvanometer, the rela- 
tion is expressed in a simple tangent of the 



32 TELEGRAPHY. 

angle of deflection. This apparatus is con- 
structed on the principle that the strength 
of currents are proportional to the tangents 
of the angles of deflection, when the needle 
is very short in comparison with the diam- 
eter of a circle described by a current cir- 
culating around it. 



CHAPTER V. 

MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM. 

One of the most familiar pieces of phys- 
ical apparatus is a magnet. We know how 
it can pick up bits of iron and steel. By the 
aid of a small instrument, we may make 
a pair of small mag- 
nets, and study their 
actions and laws. 

Take an insulated 
wire, wind twenty or 
more turns around a rod 
of well-annealed iron 10 
cm. long and about 1 
cm. in diameter, and 
close the circuit as des- 
cribed in Fig. 9. Take 

* FIG. 9 

a couple of sewing-need- 
les or larger steel rods, apply them one at a 
time to one end of the electro-magnet, and 
draw them several times across it from end 

33 




34 TELEGRAPHY. 

to end, always in the same direction, and 
not rubbing back and forth. Repeat the 
operation with an iron wire of the same size ; 
both the wire and the steel are attracted by 
the electro-magnet, but the iron wire more 
strongly. Observe that both, while in con- 
tact with the electro-magnet, possess the 
power of attracting bits of iron ; but, on re- 
moving them, the steel is found to retain the 
property it had, while the iron does not. 

Both of them exerted that peculiar quan- 
tity called magnetic force, or possessed the 
property called magnetism; that is, both 
were magnets; but, as the steel retains its 
power, it is called a permanent magnet to 
distinguish it from a temporary magnet, like 
the iron wire or the electro-magnet itself. 
The quality of steel by which it at first re- 
sists the power of magnets, and resists the 
escape of magnetism which it has once ac- 
quired, is called coercive force. The harder 
the steel the greater is its coercive force. 
Hence, highly tempered steel is used for 



MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM. 35 

permanent magnets. Hardened iron pos- 
sesses some coercive force ; hence, the cores 
of electro-magnets should be made of the 
softest iron, that they may acquire and part 
with magnetism instantaneously. 

Magnetic attraction is greatest at the 
poles, and diminishes towards the center, 
where it is nothing, or the center of the bar 
is neutral. The dual character of the mag- 
net, as exhibited in its opposite extremities, 
is called polarity, and magnetism is styled 
a polar force. If a magnet is broken at its 
neutral line, it is found that equal and op- 
posite polarities exist where there is ordi- 
narily no evidence of them. 

By placing a copper wire, through which 
a very strong current of electricity is pass- 
ing, in a heap of iron filings, we find that 
the filings adhere to the wire. This experi- 
ment, and those with the electro-magnet, 
and the deflection of the magnetic needle 
by an electric current, cannot fail to con- 
vince us that an intimate relation exists be- 



36 



TELEGRAPHY. 



tweerv electricity and magnetism,, which, 
though differing in many of their proper- 
ties, yet alike in many, and almost invari- 
ably accompanying one another, and con- 
stantly merging one into the other, appear 





FIG. 10 



as if they were only different manifesta- 
tions of one and the same agent. 

By suspending two copper wires (Fig. 
10), each 50 cm. long, and about 5 mm. 
apart, with their lower extremities dipping 
about 2 mm. into mercury, so as to move 



MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM. 37 

with little resistance either toward or from 
each other. In Figure 10 the current divides 
itself and flows down both wires to the liq- 
uid, so that that part of the circuit presents 
parallel currents flowing in the same direc- 
tion. Figure 11 is the same apparatus, with 
the connections so made that the current 
flows down one wire and up the other, and 
we have an example of parallel currents 
flowing in opposite directions, and we find 
that parallel currents in the same direction 
attract one another, and parallel currents 
in opposite directions repel one another. 

The facts which we have just seen led 
Amprere to devise a theory which furnished 
a connecting link between magnetism and 
electricity. He assumed that around every 
molecule of iron, steel, or other magnetiz- 
able substance, electric currents circulate 
continuously, and thus every molecule be- 
comes a magnet. According to this theory, 
in an unmagnetized bar these currents lie in 
all possible planes, and, having no unity of 



38 TELEGRAPHY. 

direction, they neutralize one another, and 
so their effect as a system is zero. 

Intensity of magnetization depends on 
the degree of parallelism, and the latter de- 
pends on the strength of the influencing 
magnet. When these currents have become 
quite parallel, the body has received all the 
magnetism that it is capable of receiving 
and is said to be saturated. Although the 
currents really circulate around the indi- 
vidual molecules, yet the resultant of these 
forces is essentially the same as if the cur- 
rents circulated around the body as a whole. 

Artificial magnets, including permanent 
magnets and electro-magnets, are usually 
made in the shape either of a straight bar or 
of the letter U, called the horseshoe, accord- 
ing to the use made of them. If we wish to 
use but a single pole, it is desirable to have 
the other as far away as possible ; then obvi- 
ously the bar-magnet is most convenient. 
But if the magnet is to be used for lifting 
or holding weights, the horse-shoe form is 



MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM. 



39 



far better, because the attraction of both 
poles is conveniently available, and because 
their combined power is more than twice 
that of a single pole. This is due to the re- 
flex influence of the poles on one another 
through the armature. Mag- 
nets, when not in use, ought 
always to be protected by ar- 
matures A, (Fig. 12) of soft 
iron; for, notwithstanding the 
coercive power of steel, they 
slowly part with their magnet- 
ism. But when an armature 
is used, the opposite poles of the magnet 
and armature being in contact with one 
another, i. e., N with S, they serve to bind 
one another's magnetism. 

Thin bars of steel can be more thoroughly 
magnetized than thick ones. Hence, if sev- 
eral thin bars (Fig. 12) are laid side by side, 
with their corresponding poles turned in the 
same direction, and then screwed together, 
a very powerful magnet is the result. This 




40 TELEGRAPHY. 

is called a compound magnet. In any mag- 
net the outer layers are far more strongly 
magnetized than the central ones; so a steel 
tube makes very nearly as strong a magnet 
as a rod of the same diameter, and is much 
lighter than the latter. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THERMO-ELECTRICITY. 

So far in our experiments we have ob- 
tained a current of electricity by using the 
potential energy due to the chemical affinity 
of zinc and sulphuric acid, or by expending 
mechanical energy ; we can. also get a cur- 
rent directly from the molecular energy that 
w r e know as heat. 

If we insert in. one screw-cup of a sensitive 
galvanometer an iron wire, and in the other 
cup, a copper, or, better, a German silver 
wire, twist the other ends of the wire to- 
gether, and heat them at their junction in a 
flame ; a deflection of the needle shows that 
a current of electricity is traversing the 
wire. By placing a piece of ice at their 
junction, a deflection in the opposite direc- 
tion shows that a current now traverses the 
wire in the opposite direction. 

41 



42 TELEGRAPHY. 

These currents are named, from their ori- 
gin, thermo-electric. The apparatus required 
for the generation of these currents is very 
simple, consisting merely of bars of two dif- 
ferent metals joined at one extremity, and 
some means of raising or lowering their 
temperature at their junction, or of raising 
the temperature at one extremity of the pair 
and lowering it at the other ; for the electro- 
motive force, and consequently the strength 
of the current, is nearly proportional to the 
difference in temperature of the two extrem- 
ities of the pair. The strength of the current 
is also dependent, as in the voltaic pair, on 
the thermo-electro motive force of the met- 
als employed. 

The electro-motive force of the thermo- 
electric pair is very small in comparison 
with that of the voltaic pair; hence the 
greater necessity of combining a large num- 
ber of pairs with one another in series. This 
is done on the same principle, and in the 
same manner, that voltaic pairs are united, 



THERMO-ELEQTRICITY. 



43 



MtoA 




\+ y; 



viz., by joining the metal of one pair to the 
metal of another. Figure 13 represents such 
an arrangement. The light bars are bis- 
muth, and the dark ones antimony. If the 
source of heat is strong and 
nearly, either conduction or 
convection, one face may be 
heated much hotter than the 
other, and a current equal to 
that from an ordinary galvanic 
cell is often obtained. Instru- 
ments constructed on these 
principles, are used as a source 
of electricity, are very convenient and 
efficient for many purposes, especially when 
a steady current is required with small 
external resistance ; they are called thermo- 
electric batteries. 

If the source of heat is feeble or distant, 
the feeble current may serve to measure 
the 'difference of temperature between the 
ends of the bars turned toward the heat (as 
in Figure 13) and the other ends, which are 



44 TELEGRAPHY. 

at the temperature of the air. The appara- 
tus, when used for this purpose, is called 
a ther mo-pile or a thermo-multiplier. A 
combination of as many as thirty-six pairs 
of antimony and bismuth bars, connected 
with a very sensitive galvanometer, consti- 
tutes an exceedingly delicate thermoscope 
and thermometer. Quantities of heat, that 
would not perceptibly expand the mercury 
in an ordinary thermometer, can, by the use 
of a thermo-electric pile, be made to pro- 
duce large deflections of the galvanometer 
needle. Heat radiated from the body of an 
insect several inches from the pile may 
cause a sensible deflection. 



CHAPTER VII. 

FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 

As mechanical energy is transformed into 
a kind of molecular motion, or internal en- 
ergy called heat, when one hammers on an 
anvil, so is mechanical energy transformed 
into what is called frictional electricity by 
that electrification which is developed by 
friction between two surfaces. For illustra- 
tion : prepare an insulated stool by placing 
a square board on four dry and clean glass 
tumblers, used as legs. Let a person whom 
we will call A stand on this stool, and let 
a second person, B, strike A a few times 
with a cat's fur. Then let B bring a knuckle 
of a finger to some part of A's person, for 
instance a knuckle of his hand, or his chin 
or nose ; an electric spark will pass between 
the two, and both will experience a slight 
shock. 

45 



46 TELEGRAPHY. 

When two bodies containing equal 
amounts of opposite electricities are brought 
together, both become discharged. During 
the process of discharging the electricity 
which was previously in a condition of rest, 
or a static state, assumes a condition of mo- 
tion, or a dynamic state, as is shown by a 
spark passing between the two bodies when 
brought near one another. One of the 
bodies — that positively charged — is at a po- 
tential higher than that of the earth, the 
other being lower. When they are brought 
sufficiently near, the tendency for the elec- 
tricity to pass from the region of higher 
potential becomes strong enough to pene- 
trate the insulating air and establish a con- 
dition of equilibrium. In this particular 
case the result is zero potential or no electri- 
fication; but in general both bodies would 
be left at a like condition of electrification, 
its sign depending upon the sign of that 
electricity which was in excess. 

We may now understand how it is 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 47 

that an electrified body attracts itself to 
light bodies in its vicinity. For example, a 
stick of sealing-wax, excited with — e, 
brought near a pith-ball, induces -f e next 
itself and repels — e to the farthest side. 
Two forces are in action between the seal- 
ing-wax and the pith-ball: attraction be- 
tween the — e of the sealing-wax and the 
+e of the pith-ball, and repulsion between 
the — e of the sealing-wax and the — e 
of the pith-ball. But since the distance is 
less in the first case, the attraction exceeds 
the repulsion. 

INSTRUCTION IN TELEGRAPHY. 

The Morse telegraph alphabet is made 
up of dots and dashes and should be mem- 
orized before beginning practice with the 
instrument. It will be a great assistance 
in memorizing the alphabet if the student 
will write sentences, making the letters 
with a pencil on paper. 



48 



TELEGRAPHY. 




FRICTIONAL, ELECTRICITY. 49 
MORSE ALPHABET. 

A B C D E F G 

H I J K L M 

NOP Q R S T 

U V W X Y Z 



& 



NUMERALS. 

2 3 4 



6 7 8 9 



• t - ■ 



PUNCTUATION MARKS. 

Period. Comma. Colon. 



Question Semi-colon. Interrogation. 

mark. 

Parenthesis. Dollar mark. 

Paragraph. — — -- 

Exclamation. 



50 TELEGRAPHY. 

EXPLANATIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

In the Alphabet, let a dot represent a 
short but firm closure of the key, and a 
short stroke of the receiving instrument. 
Let a dash represent a prolonged closure 
of the key, and a long stroke of the receiv- 
ing instrument. Further, let a space rep- 
resent a pause of rest between two closures 
of the key. 

It will be seen that the dots, dashes and 
spaces of the Alphabet represent both the 
movement of the key and of the receiving 
instrument. Now taking A for example, 
it is represented as formed of a dot and a 
dash, which of course, represents a short 
stroke and a long stroke. 

When making two or three dots or dashes 
in succession, put them compactly to- 
gether, so that intervals may not be mis- 
taken for spaces. 

Go slowly at first. The receiver should 
copy each letter as it is signaled. The sender 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 51 

should make good spaces in letters, and long 
spaces between words. Finally, let there be 
an unmistakable difference between dots 
and dashes. 

The first step is to memorize the alphabet, 
so that each character can be called to mind 
at will ; thus, A, dot and dash ; B, dash and 
three dots; C, two dots, space, dot, etc. 

The period, comma and interrogation 
point are the only punctuation marks in fre- 
quent use, and the student need not learn 
the others at first. 

A dot (E) is made by a single, instan- 
taneous downward stroke of the key. A 
short dash (T) is made by holding the key 
down as long as it takes to make three dots. 
A long dash (L or cipher) is made by hold- 
ing down the key as long as is required to 
make five dots. A cipher is frequently pro- 
longed so as to occupy the time required for 
seven dots. 

The intervals between the dots or dashes 
in the same letter are called breaks. A 



52 TELEGRAPHY. 

space in letters should occupy the time re- 
quired for a dot and a break. The space be- 
tween letters should occupy the time re- 
quired for two dots and breaks. 

The space between words should occupy 
the time required for three dots and breaks. 

In letters that do not contain spaces, the 
dots and dashes should follow each other 
as closely as possible. 

The beginner should be careful to form 
and space letters correctly, as this will lead 
to a perfect style in sending. 

POSITION AND MOVEMENT. 

Place the first finger on the top of key- 
button, with the thumb under the edge, and 
the second finger on the opposite side. Curve 
the first and second fingers, so as to form the 
quarter section of a circle. Partly close 
the third and fourth fingers. Allow the 
wrist to be perfectly limber. Rest the arm 
on the table at or near the elbow. 

Let the grasp upon the key be firm, but 



FRICTION AL ELECTRICITY. 53 

not rigid. Never allow the fingers or thumb 
to leave the key, nor the elbow to leave the 
table. Avoid too much force, or too light 
touch, and strive for a medium firm closing 
of the key. 

The motion to be imparted is directly up 
and down, avoiding all side pressure. 

The movement is made principally at the 




wrist, although the finger and hand must be 
perfectly elastic. 

The fingers, wrist and arm should move 
uniformly in the same direction. 

The downward movement produces the 
dots and dashes, and the upward, the breaks 
and spaces. 

Commence the use of the key by making 
dots in succession at the rate of two every 
second, and increase the* speed five-fold as 



54 TELEGRAPHY. 

skill is acquired. Continue to practice dots 
until 360 per minute can be made with per- 
fect clearness and regularity. 

When dots can be readily made as di- 
rected, begin with dashes at the rate of two 
in every three seconds, and gradually in- 
crease until 120 per minute can be made 
with perfect regularity. 

Next, attempt the long dash at the rate of 
one every two seconds, and increase to sixty 
per minute. 

When perfection is attained, take up the 
following exercises in order. Remember, 
that in letters of more than one character, 
unless spaced, the dots and dashes must 
follow each other closely. 

Repeat each exercise forward and back- 
ward, and by selection, until every letter 
can be made at will correctly : 

EXERCISE NO. 1. 

Dot Letters. 
E I S H E 6 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 55 

EXERCISE NO. 2. 

Dot and Space Letters. 
Take pains to make the spaces uniform 
and in the proper place. 
O O B Y Z & 

EXERCISE NO. 3. 

Dash Letters. 
Be careful to proportion short and long 
dashes accurately. 
T L M 5 



EXERCISE NO. 4. 

Dots, with Dash, in Succession. 
Avoid leaving any space between them. 
A U V 4 



EXERCISE NO. 5. 

Dash with Dots, in Succession. 
N D B 8 



56 TELEGRAPHY. 

EXERCISE NO. 6. 

Dots or Dashes in Mixed Combination. 
F G J K Q 

W X 1 2 3 

7 9 Period. 

EXERCISE NO. 7. 

Alphabet and Numerals Mixed. 
Drill upon this exercise until perfection 
is attained, and when possible, use a regis- 
ter to see that the dots are not prolonged, 
the spaces are uniform, the dashes correct 
length, the dots and dashes (when not 
spaced) are close together, and the letters 
equal distances apart. Do not leave this 
exercise till completely mastered. 
AN B V C R 

D U E T F 1 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 57 

G W H 5 I M 

J 3 K 9 L 

Period O 2 P 4 

Q X S 6 Y 

Z & 7 8 



There are almost as many styles of send- 
ing among operators as of penmanship. Cul- 
tivate a firm, even, smooth style of sending. 
The fast writers do not dispatch the most 
business. Graduate your writing to the 
capacity of the receiver, and never crowd 
him. 

, EXERCISE NO. 8. FRACTIONS .\ 

i 

Fractions are made by substituting a dot 
for a hyphen betw r een the figures: 
1-2 1-4 



58 (TELEGRAPHY. 

2-3 3-5 

7-8 9-10 

11-12 

EXEECISE NO. 9. NUMBERS. 

In large numbers, a short space is usually 
made between every three figures : 
1,000. 

1,500. 

18,907. 

21,369. 

4,586,329. 

EXERCISE NO. 10. UNUSUAL SPACES. 

In words largely composed of dots and 
spaced letters, the spaces should be larger 
than usual between the letters: 



FRICTIONAL, ELECTRICITY. 59 

Seen Erie 

Receive 
Cicero. 



EXERCISE NO. 11. WORDS. 

After the student can write the words in 
this exercise satisfactorily, he may arrange 
series himself for practice : 

And Barn. 



Chair. 
Desire. 
Exchange. 
Family. 



German. 
Humane. 



60 TELEGRAPHY. 

Inmata 

Judgment. 

Knowledge. 

Limited. 

Maintain. 

Nominate. 

Opinion. 

Practice. 

Quotation. 

Ramify. 

Standard. 

Terminate. 



FRICTIONAL, ELECTRICITY. 61 

Umbrage. 

Vacant. 

Warrant. 

Xenium. 

Yorkville. 

Zoology. 

Chicago. 

St Louis. 



EXERCISE NO. 12. SENTENCES. 

The student may take such sentences as 
he chooses, for practice, always being care- 
ful to write one correctly before commenc- 
ing with another. 



62 > TELEGRAPHY. 

EXERCISE NO. 13. OFFICE CALLS. 

Every telegraph office has a name or call, 
which usually consists of one or two letters; 
thus the call for New York is N. Y. ; Chicago, 
Ch. ; San Francisco, S. F. If New York de- 
sires to communicate with San Francisco, 
he repeats the latter call on the line till an- 
swered. It is proper to sign one's own of- 
fice every three or five calls so that others 
may know who is using the wire. Thus: 



If San Francisco hears the call, he opens 
his key, and answers by repeating "I" sev- 
eral times, and signing his own call thus : 



When so answered, New York proceeds 
with his business. The process is exactly 
the same between any other two offices. 

EXERCISE NO. 14. ABBREVIATIONS. 

A few more of the common abbreviations 
are given, not in alphabetical arrangement, 
but those most used are given first 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 63 

They should be committed to memory and 
practiced with the key until perfectly ac- 
quired. Abbreviations are usually made 
by dropping out the vowel sounds, and leav- 
ing the consonant skeleton. Some are, how- 
ever, entirely arbitrary: 
From, Fm. 
Signature, Sig. 
Check, Ck. 
Go ahead, G. A. 
Paid, Pd. 
Collect, Col. 

Free, or Dead Head, D. H. 
Answer, Ans. 
Another, Ahr. 
Charges, Chgs. 
Message, Msg. 
Messenger, Msgr. 
Ground Wire, G. W. 
Please, Pis. 
Superintendent, Supt. 
Conductor, Condr. 
Engineer, Engr. 



64 TELEGRAPHY, 

Wait a minute, 1. 

Where shall I go ahead? 4. 

What is the matter? 18. 

Accept my compliments, 73. 

Who is at the key? 134. 

Tariff, Tff. 

Telegraph, Tel. 

Amount, Amt* 

Break, B. K. 

Express, Ex. 

Freight, Frt. 

Passenger, Pasgr. 

Before, B. 4. 

Mistake, Msk. 

Number, No. 

No more, N. M. 

Nothing, N. T. G. 

Instrument, Inst. 

Operator, Opr. 

Office, Ofs. 

Battery, Bat. 

Good morning, G. M. 

Good night, G. N. 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 



65 




66 TELEGRAPHY." 

Immediately, Immy. 

Important, Impt. 

Minute, Min. 

Give better address, G. B. A'. 

Correct, or All Right, O. K. 

Quick, Q. K. 

Repeat, Rept 

Street, St. 

Avenue, Av. 

Through, Tru. 

Address, Ads. 

Guaranteed, Gtd. 

Business, Biz. 

Morning, Mng. 

Train, Trn. 

Manager, Mgr. 

Way bill, W. B. 

Circuit, Ckt, 

Do you understand? 13. 

The end, or Finis, 30. 

Are you ready? 77. 

One thousand, 1 Tnd. 

One hundred, 1 Hn. 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 67 

Have you anything for me? 5« 

When, Wn. 

What, Wa. 

Why, Wy. 

Coming, Cmg. 

Are you? R, U. 

There, Tr. 

Been, Bn. 

Of, O. 

The, T. 

Question, Qn. 

Where, Wr. 

Have, Hv. 

All copy, 23. 

Going, Gng., or Gg. 

Other, Otr. 

Night, Nite. 

Copy, Cy. 

About, Abt. 

Say, Sa. 

Many other abbreviations will be readily 
acquired in actual business. 



68 TELEGRAPHY.^ 

MESSAGES. 

Commercial messages may be divided 
into five parts, viz., check, date, address, 
body and signature. The date is composed 
of the name of the place where the message 
originates, the month, day of the month and 
year. An operator accepting a commercial 
message for transmission, should be careful 
that this is written out in full, as follows : 
New York, Dec. 10th, 1900. 

In actual transmission the month and 
year are always omitted. In sending a mes- 
sage, the date is always prefixed by "from" 
abbreviated to Fm. or Fr. 

EXERCISE NO. 15. 

From New York, Dec. 10th, 1900. 



The address should comprise the full 
name and place of the person to whom the 
message is addressed. When not known, 
the number and street should be given, as 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 69 

well as the place of destination and State. 
The word "to" always precedes the address, 
and a period divides it from the body of the 
message. 

EXERCISE NO. 16. 

From New York, Dec. 10th, 1900. 
To John Wilson, 

23 State St., Chicago, 111. 



The body of the message is embraced be- 
tween the period and signature. No abbre- 
viations are permitted, or, if inserted, each 
letter is charged for; compound words are 
usually considered two words. Numbers 
are written out in full, and if the figures 
also are inserted, are paid for extra. The 



70 TELEGRAPHY. 

body of some measures are written in ci- 
pher, being composed of disjointed words, 
having no sense unless interpreted by 
means of the key in possession of the sender 
and receiver. 

The number, sending operator's letters, 
and the check precedes the date. 

EXERCISE NO. 17. 

Number 23.; sent by Opr. Bn. ; check, 9 
paid; from New York, Dec. 10, 1900. 
To John Wilson, 

— State St., Chicago, 111. 
Goods were shipped on the 5th by Ameri- 
can Express. 

Sig. Henry Harding. 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 71 



The check aids in preventing errors and 
omissions and tells whether the message is 
paid, collect or free. If free, it usually ex- 
plains why. If messages are sent collect, the 
word "collect" is counted but not charged. 
In a collect message having ten words in the 
body, the check should read collect. 

For a free message on account of pass-9, 
pass, No. 101. 

For a free message, account of operator-9, 
Dh., operator. 



72 TELEGRAPHY. 

Upon full paid business, ten words can be 
sent as cheaply as one, but for all over ten 
an additional rate (per word) is charged. 
The date and address of a message are not 
counted. The body of a message is always 
counted. The extra signatures, titles and 
directions after signatures are counted. 
When there are several signatures, the last 
one goes free. 

The "From," "To" and "Big." in a mes- 
sage are never copied by the receiver. 

When two or more copies of the same 
message are delivered to different persons, 
each one must be paid for. 

Transient customers are usually required 
to pay in advance for both the message and 
answer. 

To calculate the tariff to a point on an- 
other company's line, find the rate to the 
transfer office and add to it the rate between 
point of transfer and point of destination, 
for the full tariff; always check the trans- 
fer office. 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 73 

Night messages at reduced rates may be 
handed in at any time. They are usually 
sent during the evening, but are never de- 
livered until the following morning. They 
are copied on blanks printed in red ink. 
The sending operator sends the word "Red" 
before the number, and inserts the words 
"night rate" after the check. 

When an operator is through receiving a 
message, or a number of messages, he must 
always say O. K., and sign his letters thus : 



If no O. K. is received, it will be known 
that the message has not been properly re- 
ceived, and must be repeated. 

When the sender discovers that he has 
made a letter wrong, he stops, makes more 
than six dots, says, "msk" (mistake) and 
commences again with the last word made 
correctly. 

When the receiver finds he is not getting 
messages correctly, he breaks and tells the 
sender to "G. A." (go ahead) the last word 
received. 



u 



TELEGRAPHY. 



After receiving a message, the operator 
should be careful to see that he has the right 
number of words, as called for by the check 
of messages. If they do not agree, he should 
compare) with sender until error is found. 
This is usually done by commencing at the 




RELAY 



period and writing the first letter in each 
word until the missing portion is discov- 
ered. 

There are a variety of forms for train 
orders, sent and received, office messages, 
press reports, etc., forms for which can usu- 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 75 

ally be obtained from the nearest telegraph 
office. 

A few examples are given, not to cover 
the whole ground (for forms vary greatly 
on different lines) but to give the student a 
general idea which will assist him in the 
future. 

Messages between employes and upon 
company business are sent without checks 
and with much less formality than com- 
mercial messages. 

Office messages are used to assist in the 
prompt transaction of business and correc- 
tion of errors. 

If the address of the message from New 
York to John Wilson, Chicago, should be re- 
ceived in such shape that the party could 
not be found, Chicago would send the fol- 
lowing : 
To New York Office : 

G. B. A. (give better address), your No. 
23 of tenth. Wilson, signed Harding. 

(Sig.) Chicago Office, 



?76 TELEGRAPHY. 

To this message New York might reply: 
To Chicago Office: 

Can not give better address; our 23 of 
tenth. Wilson, signed Harding. 

New York Ofs, 

Eailroad business is transacted with 
much less formality than is used in com- 
mercial messages. The names in addresses 
and signatures are sometimes abbreviated 
to simply the initials. Dates are often 
omitted and no checks are sent ; also, many 
words in the body of messages are abbrevi- 
ated. When, however, the business of a rail- 
road company passes off from its own line, 
it is treated the same as other free or paid 
business. Each operator, if possible, should 
get from some operator near him copies of 
the form for train orders, and other busi- 
ness used on the railroad in his vicinity, and 
make them a study. 

Each lesson should be mastered before 
another is undertaken. Nothing is gained 
by rushing hurriedly over the ground. No 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 77 

business can be learned in a day, and teleg- 
raphy requires careful, methodical drill and 
study. It is better for two or more persons 
to practice together, taking turns in writ- 
ing. 

It should be remembered that there is no 
change in the tones of a sounder, the letter 
being determined solely by the "time or 
times" the lever is up or down. The back 
stroke, so called, is as necessary to reading 
by sound as the down stroke, and these 
must be distinguished each from the other, 
for without it the duration of the down- 
ward movement could not be determined. 

There are few operators capable of send- 
ing and receiving forty-five words per min- 
ute. Forty words is very rapid work. The 
average speed does not reach thirty words. 
When the student finds himself capable of 
sending and receiving promiscuous mes- 
sages at the rate of thirty-five words, he may 
begin to look about for an office. The local pe- 
culiarities of doing business upon different 



?8 



TELEGRAPHY. 



lines are very great, When practicable, the 
graduate should spend three or four weeks 
in an office, familiarizing himself with the 
rules, forms and methods of the line before 
attempting the management himself. 

Most operators 
commence their 
career upon rail- 
road lines, and 
more fail in the 
first attempt from 
not comprehending 
the responsibilities 
and duties than 
from incapacity to 
telegraph. A few 
hints may not be 

FIG. 15 

out of place. The 
young operator should ascertain what his 
office hours are, and never be absent in 
them. If called upon for extra service, 
be careful not to leave until dismissed by 
the officer in charge. Never allow a mes- 




FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. ?9 

sage to remain undelivered in the office, or 
a message to hang unsent on the hooks. 
Don't be afraid or ashamed to "break/' or 
ask for information — better fifty breaks or 
questions than one error. 

HOW TO PUT THE BATTERY INI 
OPERATION. 

Fill the glass jar about two-thirds full of 
water, place the copper in the bottom so 
that it rests as nearly level as possible, and 
its wire passing straight upward at one side 
of the jar. Then drop about half a pound 
of sulphate of copper into the jar, so that 
the lumps will lay evenly on the bottom or 
around and on the copper. Then suspend 
the zinc so that the body of the zinc is about 
two inches above the copper. As the bat- 
tery does not at once begin to act in its full- 
est strength when newly set up, it is well to 
connect the copper with the zinc and leave 
it so for a few T hours before using. This is 
done by fastening the wire from the copper 



80 TELEGRAPHY. 

into the screw post of the zinc hanger, and 
it will soon cause the battery to work up 
sufficiently to be ready for use. The battery 
should be kept supplied with enough sul- 
phate of copper, so that a blue color can al- 
ways be seen in the liquid at the bottom of 
the jar, rising to within an inch of the lower 
surface of the suspended zinc. If it is found 
that the blue color rises higher than this, it 
is thereby indicated that too much sulphate 
of copper is being used, and no more should 
be put in until the blue has receded almost 
to the very bottom of the jar. The latter 
state of the battery indicates that more sul- 
phate of copper is required. Water should 
be from time to time added to that in the 
jar, to replace the loss by evaporation. 

Once in eight weeks or three months it 
will be necessary to thoroughly clean the 
battery. Take out the zinc carefully; then 
the copper in the same manner; pour the 
liquid into a separate jar, leaving behind 
the oxide and dirt which may have gathered 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 81 

in the bottom of the jar. Wash the latter 
out completely;, and return to it the cleau 
liquid which it had in it before; put back 
the copper to its place; put in a few crystals 
of sulphate of copper; clean the zinc thor- 
oughly by scraping and washing, and re- 
turn it to its place. The battery will then 
be in good order, and should not be dis- 
turbed excepting when necessary to clean it 
or add sulphate of copper. The power of this 
battery depends very much upon the posi- 
tion in which the zinc is placed with refer- 
ence to the copper. To get the most active 
effects, lower the zinc to within an inch of 
the copper, taking care not to allow a con- 
tact between the two. To decrease the power 
and render the battery more constant or 
lasting, raise the zinc further away from the 
copper. 

In joining together any number of cups, 
whether of the same or of different kinds of 
battery, the zinc pole of the first cup must be 
connected with the copper of the second, the 



82 



TELEGRAPHY. 



zinc of the second with the copper of the 
third, and so on throughout the whole se- 
ries. It matters not which pole we com- 
mence with, if we are only careful never to 
connect like poles; but this law must be as 
strictly adhered to in joining batteries hun- 
dreds of miles apart as if they stood side by 
side. 



THE EARTH AS A CONDUCTOR. 

It is found that when one pole of a bat- 
tery is connected with the earth, and the 
wire from the opposite pole, carried to- a 




FIG. 16 



point at any distance away, and also con- 
nected with the earth, the current will flow 
as readily as though the "circuit" has been 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 83 

made complete by use of a return wire. It 
is therefore shown that the earth is really 
one vast conductor. This is principally due 
to the fact that moisture is everywhere 
present beneath the surface of the earth, 
and water itself is known to be a very fair 
conductor. 

Telegraph companies make great practi- 
cal use of earth conduction by using it in 
all cases for their numerous lines, both long 
and short, thus saving the construction of a 
separate or return wire on every circuit. 
But for lines up to a few hundred feet in 
length we recommend two wires, thus mak- 
ing a complete metallic circuit, as it re- 
quires less battery. 

HOW TO SET THE LEARNER'S IN- 
STRUMENT FOR PRACTICE. 

Having set up the battery according to di- 
rections, connect, as shown in the cut, one 
wire from the copper pole of the battery to 
one of the brass binding posts of the instru- 



84 TELEGRAPHY. 

ment, and one wire from the zinc pole to the 
remaining binding post; screw down the in- 
strument firmly to the table with the screw 
in the base, as its best sound is thereby pro- 
duced. See that none of the screws are loose 
in their places and that the armature lever, 
which is the living, speaking tongue of the 
telegraph, plays freely, with a movement of 
about one-sixteenth of an inch. The spring, 
which draws the armature lever upwards, 
and is called the adjustment, should only be 
set at sufficient tension to raise the lever 
when no current is passing through the 
magnets. If drawn too tightly, the spring 
will not allow the armature to respond to 
the attractions of the magnets. When the 
instrument is not in use, leave the circuit 
breaker of the key open, so that the battery 
will not be in action, and its power accord- 
ingly economized. See that the platina 
points of the keys are kept clean from dirt 
or dust, thus preventing imperfect contacts 
from being made. 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 85 

The key is provided with screws for the 
purpose of regulating its play to suit the 
hand of the operator, and to regulate also 
the pressure of the spring beneath it for the 
same purpose. The distance between the 
contact points of the key should be but little 
more than the thickness of an ordinary bus- 
iness card. 

A little patience will enable the student 
to judge best for himself as to how this 
should be set. 

After two or three weeks of practice to- 
gether over one instrument, two persons 
should be able to read each other's writing 
slowly, and should also have become famil- 
iar with the instruments, battery and the 
principles of their operation. Separate 
practice over a short line between different 
rooms or buildings, or homes if parties live 
in the country, can then with advantage 
begin, each student having an instrument 
connected at his own end of the wire, and 
all communications between them necessa- 



86 



TELEGRAPHY. 



rily being made by telegraph. According to 
the length of the line between the two in- 
struments, two or more cells of battery, ar- 
ranged in series, will be required to operate 
in this way. Connect instruments and bat- 
tery as shown in the following diagram : 

The return circuit may be made either by 
a continuous wire, as indicated, or by con- 




necting with the earth at each end, G. G. 
For wires of but a short distance in length 
the return wire is the best; for out-door 
lines of more than a few hundred feet in 
length, use ground wires, as earth connec- 
tions are called. 

To make a ground wire, connect a wire 
to a plate or sheet of metal, copper, zinc, 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 87 

iron or tin; bury the latter in moist earth. 
The plate of metal should not present less 
than two square feet of surface. Gas and 
water pipes are often used for this attach- 
ment, and whenever they are within reach 
can be used instead of buried plates in the 
earth. 

In running an out-door wire between 
points at any distance apart, it should be 
insulated (by using glass or porcelain insu- 
lators) from all direct contact with build- 
ings, posts or trees. This prevents "escape" 
of the current, by which it would otherwise 
be diverted from its proper course through 
both of the instruments, and, reaching the 
earth by a shorter route, would circulate to 
its opposite pole of the battery without hav- 
ing any effect whatever on the distant ap- 
paratus. To make a joint or splice in the 
wire, brighten the ends by scraping them, 
and twist each wire around the other as 
closely and firmly as possible, so that no 
©train will draw them apart. 



88 TELEGRAPHY. 

In running wires inside of a building, use 
insulated copper wire covered either with 
cotton or gntta percha; fasten it in place 
with small staples or tacks, but in doing so 
be careful not to allow the covering to be 
opened or stripped from the wire, nor allow 
the latter to come in contact with gas or 
water, or metal posts. 

In the beginning, when two persons are 
first practicing over a short wire, arranged 
as described, ordinary conversation carried 
on by telegraph is as good a means of prac- 
tice, both at sending and at reading, as any- 
thing else. Then proceed with alternately 
sending printed matter from newspaper or 
books, and copying it with pen or pencil 
from the instrument, by sound, as the other 
sends it. As each improves, both in reading 
by sound and in sending plainly, this will 
become a very pleasant and interesting oc- 
cupation. 

It is not worth while to study abbrevia- 
tions used by telegraphers, and their forms 
LoFC. 



FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY. 89 

of sending and receiving dispatches, until 
sufficient progress lias been made to be at 
the end stations. The return circuit is made 
through the earth the entire distance, and 
each office connected to the line in the man- 
ner here described. The means employed to 
"tap" a telegraph line (which is sometimes 
done in case of railway accidents and for 
other purposes) are very simple and will 
serve to illustrate this. The wire is simply 
cut and its two ends connected to a porta- 
ble instrument in the hands of a "sound op- 
erator/ 1 who may then easily read all that 
passes over the wire, 



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Standard Cyclopedia of Recipes. l A %L% % 

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Twentieth Century Cook Book i^r^^Tit 

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Abbott's Travel and Adventure library. i\ 3 z c o°Z 

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Edited by Chas. W- 
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The Century Book of Recitations. 



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The Century Book of Irish Wit and Humor 

This book is the cream of all Irish speakers. Irish Wit and 
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ship, when and whom to marry, the advisability of long and short 
courtships, points to be observed in the selection of a husband 
or wife, the secret of pleasing a sweetheart, how to address or 
win the favor of ladies, etc. Also contains a complete system of 
love telegraphy, handkerchief flirtation, a choice collection of 
sensible love letters, the language of flowers, precious stones and 
their signification, etc. 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 

JL B. C. Guide to Correot Oondiiot. £ss?£Lffi 

of etiquette, or Guide to the Duties, Pleasures, Details and 
Studies of Life. No part in daily conduct has been omitted. The 
immense popularity of this valuable little book is attested by its 
enormous sales. It is an invaluable adjunct to any home and 
will be found exceedingly helpful in the hands of parents and 
and teachers as well as young people of both sexes. 184 pages; 
pocket size. Elegantly bound in 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors ....25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 

A. B. C. Guide to Ball Room Bsssir.i.cTil 

Book. This work contains an exhaustive summary of all the 
fashionable square dances, and a lucid description of the various 
round dances, waltzes, etc. It also contains complete quadrille 
calls and is especially adapted to the needs of amateurs as vrell 
as professionals. In brief, it is a complete guide to this health- 
ful and beautiful exercise. 161 pages. Fully illustrated. 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold s .... 50 cts. 

ft. D. C- UliiuB tQ sflUSlG, will serve to introduce all into 
the theory and practice of the Musical Art. It contains simple 
and illustrated chapters on singing and cultivation of the voice; 
full and explicit helps to the piano and organ, short sketches of 
eminent composers, and a complete dictionary of musical terms, 
etc. The reputation of the author is such as to require no in- 
troduction to the public. 164 pages. Fully illustrated. Bound in 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold . . . . 3 50 cts. 

The Henneberry Company Make Good Books 
Send for their complete catalogue 

9 



Brown's Business lett| y r c Writerand Book jf 

l* HI Ml 8 f G 1 8 1 B OTITIS, and interesting collection™? let* 
ters ana notes for ladies and gentlemen. Accurate directions are 
given for conducting correct business correspondence, including 
forms of notes, drafts, wills, deeds, agreements, leases, etc. It is 
adapted to every age and station in life and to business pursuits 
in general. It is indispensable to the student and should be in 
every home. Elegantly printed and bound in 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and sides stamped in gold 50 cts* 

Complete Letter Writer for Ladies and Gen- 

a LmU» By C. W. Brown. In addition to the great number 
lluiIiUll. of excellent Business Letters, there are hundreds 
of Tables, Rules, Dictionary of Mercantile Terms, Forms of Wills, 
Petitions, Drafts, Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Execu- 
tors' and Administrators' Accounts, many tables and rules inval- 
uable to the business man, farmer, mechanic and student. This 
work is pronounced superior to anv similar work published, and 
should be in the hands of every person, young and old. Elegantly 
bound in 
Silk cloth, gilt top. Price SI. 00 

Love Letters and How to Write Them. %l ffi 

Here is just the book not only for all unmarried folks, but other 
folks as well; while, of course, they may not use the language pre- 
sented, still they will remind them of the time when they were j ast 
a little more particular about their correspondence. One hundred 
and forty styles are presented with notes and comments on each. 
There are also excellent rules and good advice on love, courtship 
and marriage that everybody ought to know. It won't hurt any- 
body to read the healthy chapters on the finer feelings of life. 
Follow the forms here laid down and you cannot go far astray; 
150 pages. 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and sides stamped in gold 50 cts. 



Bookkeeping Without a Master. 



A valuable book 
for the student, 
clerk, tradesman and merchant. This is unquestionably the 
most complete and practical work of the kind published. The 
principles of the art of bookkeeping are clearly defined in plain 
language so that the student acquires with ease the exact kuowl- 
ledge necessary to the correct recording of accounts. It contains 
fourteen specimen pages of books used in single and double entry, 
embracing a complete and authentic system of single and double 
entry ledgers, day and cash books, journals, how to balance, the 
difference between single and double entry; about profit and loss, 
stocks, interest and discounts, sundry accounts, bill books, bills 
payable and receivable, etc. Printed on an extra fine quality of 
heavy book paper. Size, 6x9r2 inches. 
Bound in green silk cloth $1.00 

The Henneberry Company Make Good Books. 

Send for their complete catalogue. 

10 



The New Century Webster Dictionary 



For the vest 
pocket. 
The very latest up-to-date; 28.000 words. This edition has been 
carefully and conscientiously edited, using the work of the great 
Noah Webster as a basis, and conforming, as near as possible, 
with the views of such eminent philologists and ortboepists as 
Worcester. Whitney, Corbett and Ayres. It contains clear and 
concise definitions, correct accentuations, and full markings of 
all difficult words, according 1 to .the highest authorities. It con- 
tains many new words lately coined and not found in any dic- 
tionary heretofore published; also a larger percentage of root 
words than any other book of its kind. Issued in two styles of 
binding. Size 2%x&%. 191 pages. 

Silk cloth, red edges, indexed 25cts. 

Full leather, gold edges, indexed 50cts. 



Bryant 



's Commercial Business Guide or How to 



First Steps. in. Magnetism ?r G 



Rn BllC'fl^CO By CM Bryant, Ph.D. A manual of self-instruc- 
UU Uubuibbb. tion and useful information. A compendium 
of facts, forms, methods and laws for safe conduct of business. 
It contains facts, figures and general information, involving law, 
both State and Xational, Commerce, Agriculture, Social customs, 
Mercantile transactions and calculations, and the rights and 
wrongs of Civil Life, all in a form carefully designed for practical 
utility. Elegantly bound in 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and sides stamped in gold 50 cts. 

W. Jerome Harrison, 
" G. S. This book is in- 
tended strictly as an introduction to the science of which it treats. 
Theories may and do frequently change, but the facts of nature, 
upon which they are founded are immutable. So we should study 
the facts and the theories will adjust themselves. Care has been 
taken to describe mostly such experiments as any student may 
perform at home, with but little expenditure of money. Fully 
illustrated. Elegantly bound in red silk cloth. Price 50 cts. 

First Step in Electricity. K-gssEsS&S 

the requirements of the new code. Each and every chapter of 
this book has been given as an object lesson many tim> s to clas- 
ses of children averaging sixty in number, and of the ages of ten 
to sixteen. It will be seen therefore that the experiments are 
simple and inexpensive and can be performed at home. Fully 
illustrated. Elegantly bound in handsome silk cloth. 
Price 50 cts. 

By W. Jerome 
Harrison, F. 
O. S. In this valuable little work on Voltaic Electricity, the 
author has endeavored to explain fully and in a purely descriptive 
and experimental manner, how to perform these simple experi- 
ments with as little expense as possible. The immense popular- 
ity of this little hand book by Prof. Harrison proves the wisdom, 
of his plan. Fully illustrated with carefully prepared cuts. 
Elegantly bound in handsome silk cloth. Price 50 cts. 

The Henneberry Company Make Good Books. 

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First Lessons in Voltaic Electricity 



Telegraphy and How to Learn it, %^%£%z 

tary Electricity. The importance of uniting these two allie<1 sub- 
jects is apparent to any one about to take up the study of Teleg- 
raphy, either for a livelihood or pastime, and who has not a 
rudimentary knowledge of the theory of Electricity. This book, 
therefore, treats of the Electro-Magnetic telegraph in its simplest 
form, and with an instrument and a little practice you will be 
surprised at the rapid advancement you will make by the aid of 
this treatise. Handsomely illustrated and bound in cloth. 
Price $1 00 

Modern Blacksmithing, Rational Horseshoe- 
ing and Wagon Making. B / alu J ab p e w s? s st w ™s- e n ^ is , 

man having thirty years' practical experience ; Elementary rules 
are employed, thus avoiding the more technical terms, rendering 
this treatise practical and invaluable to all who have use for 
it. Even the oldest blacksmith or wagon maker will find many 
helpful suggestions, and any young man can master the prin- 
ciples of these two useful arts by a careful study of this book. 
Invaluable to farmers, horseshoers, wagon makers, machinists, 
liverymen, well drillers and manufacturers. Fully illustrated. 
Elegantly bound in handsome dark red. 

Cloth $1.00 

Half morocco 1.50 

A. B. C. Guide to Photography. * y in T - r&£2£ 

handbook containing instructions for Amateur Photographers, 
simply written and easily understood. Any man, woman or 
child of ordinary intelligence, without previous experience, can 
by simply following instructions, acquire the knowledge neces- 
sary to operate, develop and print. 124 pages, profusely illus- 
trated. Pocket size. 

Hand some paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red si Ik cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 

By Madame Chiro. De- 
scribing how Cards are 
"Read" by persons professing to tell fortunes by their aid. Mad- 
ame Chiro is without doubt the greatest Fortune Teller by means 
of Cards that has ever visited America, and this, her only and 
authorized book, is like the author, without a peer. If you would 
learn to read fortunes as Madame Chiro does, this book will teach 
you, and with practice you will become as adept as the author 
herself. Fully illustrated. Bound in 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and sides stamped in gold 50 cts. 

The Mystic Circ ! e Fortune Teller and Dream 

n«.|> 'By Mme. De La Normand. This book contains an 
DUUhb alphabetical list of dreams, with their signification 
and lucky numbers, and the getting of fortunes by the Mystic Cir- 
cle, Cards, Dice, Coffee and Tea Grounds. Also a list of curious 
Superstitions and Omens. 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and sides stamped in gold 50 cts. 

The Henneberry Company Make Good Books. 
Send for their complete catalogue. 

12 



Fortune Telling by Cards. 



The Book of Card Tricks and Sleight-of-Hand. 

By Prof. R. Kunard. There is no book published on this subject 
that has met with the favor and demand than has this little book 
of 182 pages. Nearly every card trick known is fully exposed by 
explicit directions and carefully prepared illustrations. De- 
signed for parlor and stage entertainments by professionals and 
amateurs who may become experts with a little practice. 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and sides stamped in gold 50 cts. 

Practical Ventriloquism * B z*$%i?^™?hAX; 

Art of Voice Throwing and Vocal Mimicry, Vocal Instrumenta- 
tion, VeDtriloquial Figures, Entertaining, etc. The long experi- 
ence of the author on the stage and in teaching this wonderful 
art by correspondence is conclusive evidence that by a little 
application to the f undamental principles laid down in this book, 
and by frequent practice after acquiring the two or three simple 
rules, you can become an adept in the art. Fully illustrated. 
Elegantly bound in 

Handsome paper covers printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 

Herrmann's Conjuring for Amateurs, turdi^ 

how to perform modern tricks, by Prof. Herrmann. Great care 
has been exercised by the author to include in this book only 
such tricks as have never before appeared in print. This assures 
the performer a secret and almost endless fund for suitable 
material to be used on all occasions. With little practice, almost 
anyone can perform the more simple tricks, and with practice, 
as he becomes more adept, he can perform the most difficult. No 
book published contains a greater variety of material for con- 
jurers and sleight-of-hand performers than this book. Coins, 
cards, silk hat, handkerchiefs, balls, are all introduced in the 
many programs offered, thus affording one an endless variety 
from which to select for parlor or stage entertainments. 

Handsome paper covers printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 

Shadow Entertainments to^^e^rrTens 1 ^^ 

shadows are made and how to work them, so as to produce ex- 
tremely funny situations, thus providing an evening's entertain- 
ment of a most enjoyable kind. A hundred illustrations with full 
description of each has made this book extremely popular. 

Handsome paper covers printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 

Keller's Variety Entertainments, M*^S£ 

of original, laughable skits on Conjuring, Physiognomy, Jug- 
gling, Performing feats. Wax Works, Panoramas, Phrenology, 
Phonography, Second Sight, Lightning Calculators, Ventrilo- 
quism, Spiritualism, etc., to which are added Humorous 
Sketches, Whimsical Recitals, Parlor, Club and Lodge-Room 
Comedies, Fully illustrated. 

Handsome paper covers pri nted in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 eta 

The Henneberry Company Make Good Books. 
Send for their complete catalogue. 

13 



McClure's American Horse, Cattle and Sheep 

n?lf»tf!r By Robt. McClure, M. D., V. S. As a stock doctor 
IsiluiUi book, treating the diseases of the three most profit- 
able as well as most common of farm animals, save the hog 1 , this 
book never had a peer. It is the most valuable book ever pre- 
pared for the farmer, and if we may judge its popularity by its 
sale, it i-* the most successful book for the farmer and stock 
raiser ever written. The illustrations are excellent. 
Handsomely bound in silk cloth. Price $1.50 



toriosn Standard Poultry Bock. 



By Lewis H. 

Wright. This 
book is the recognized standard treatise on Poultry Raising. It 
treats fully all phases of the business — incubators, houses, 
brooders; the various breeds — ducks, turkeys, geese, guineas; the 
diseast s of each ; how and what to feed ; how to market — in short, 
if one follows the instructions container! herein, he may con- 
fidently look for success. Profusely illustrated and bound in 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 



Standard Belgian Hare Book 



By M. D. Capps. The 
raising of Belgian 
Hares is no longer a fad ; as a commercial enterprise, it is bring- 
ing thousands of dollars to those who are engaged in the busi- 
ness. Belgian Hare raising is the most profitable business one 
can engage in, and there is no reason why a fortune cannot be 
made in a few years if one will study carefully the methods laid 
down in this book, and avoid making- the mistakes that prove 
costly in all new enterprises. Diseases common to Rabbits are 
fully treated. The book is profusely illustrated and bound in 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 



A. B. C. Guide to Poultry-Keeping 



This book of 
200 pages has 
the endorsement of the leading- poultry raisers of the United 
States, Canada, and even Europe where it has found its way, be- 
cause of its completeness and honest treatment of the pains and 
penalties as well as the pleasure and profit in poultry raising. 
Fully illustrated. 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 



A. B C Guide to Bee-Keeping. K, 



B. Webster, 
etical manual 
of the proper care and management of Bee's, designed especially 
for amateurs, beginners and farmers, and all others, including 
experts who have found this book the most helpful guide to api- 
culture published. Newly revised and enlarged. More than 100 
pages and profusely illustrated. 

Handsome paper covers, printed in t hree colors ?5 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 

'Hie Henneberry Company Make Good Books. 

Send for their complete catalogue. 

14 



Swine and Their Diseases. 8^&«&. V -S; 

Swine and their Diseases is the best ever published, because of 
the simplicity of treatment and sure cure of every disease of the 
hog - , when the remedies are administered in time, and in the 
manner prescribed in this handy little volume. The remedies are 
inexpensive ; most farmers constantly keep in the house about 
all the medicines recommended in this treatise. The great popu- 
larity of this book lies in the success its remedies hav^ afforded 
aCll who have had occasion to use them. Fully illustrated. 

Hand some paper covers printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 



Sheep and Their Diseases 



By Robt. Jennings, V. S. 

This excellent work on 
Sheep coming from so high an authoritj' places it at once at the 
top among the special books for stock raisers. The subjects 
treated include: The History and Variety; the Best Modes of 
Breeding; their Feeding and Management; the Diseases to which 
They are Subject and the Appropriate Remedies for each, with 
numerous illustrations of buildings and out-houses, as well as of 
the variety and kinds of sheep suitable for market. 250 pages. 
Elegantly bound. 

Handsome paper covers printed in three colors 50 ct s. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold $1.00 



Gleasqn's Horse-Training Mads Easy. 



By O. H. 

Gleason, 
V. S. This is a new and practica (.""system of Teaching and Edu- 
cating the Horse. There are chapters on Whip Training; or, How- 
to Drive without Reins; How to Make a Horse Trot Honest; 
Essay on Horseshoeing; with treatment of the various diseases 
of the. Horse, including a full and complete history of Glanders. 
This is the simplest and best book of its kind published, and is 
fully illustrated. In addition to many small cuts there are sev- 
eral full page illustrations. Elegantly bound. 

Handsome paper covers printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold. 50 cts*. 

Standard Poultry and Belgian Hare Book, 

The raising of Belgian Hares as well as Poultry is no longer a 
fad ; both as commercial enterprises are bringing millions of dol- 
lars to those who are engaged in the business, Poultry and Bel- 
gian Hare raising is the most profitable business one can engage 
in, and there is no reason why a fortune cannot be made in a 
few years if one will study carefully the methods laid down in 
this book and avoid making the mistakes that prove costly in all 
new enterprises. Diseases common to Poultry and Rabbits are 
fully treated. The book is profusely illustrated and bound in 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 50 cts 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold $1 00> 

The Henneberry Company Make Good Books. 
Send for their complete catalogue. 

15 



Complete Buffet Manual, or How to Mix Fancy 

flf ItllfC f ^ he need of an up-to-date book, treating on this sub- 
UllilKb. ject has been a long felt want. We earnestly believe 
that this want is now supplied by this book, and we trust the 
reader, if he becomes the practitioner, will enjoy the beverages 
after following the directions, as much as the author did in pre- 
paring this handy little volume. 

Handsome paper covers, printed in three colors 25 cts. 

Red silk cloth, back and side stamped in gold 50 cts. 

Plain Medical Talks For Women and Nursery 

Bfl'fE^fif By Henry McMurtrie, M. D. Is the most serviceable 
HuVl5ui B book for the home published. The relation of man to 
woman, society, love, marriage, parentage, rules for preserving 
health of married women; directions to pregnant women; an ac- 
count of their diseases with full instructions for the rearing of 
children from birth, with an account of the diseases of infancy, 
are a few of the leading facts treated in this wonderful book. 
Enlarged to 300 pages, fully illustrated. Handsomely bound in 
Red silk cloth with gold design on back and side. 
Price 75 cts. 

Dr. Hoods Plain Talks and Common Sense 

IU!fiflb£%nl Arftfiftfir Treats about the Human System, the 
Iflglllbdl HUfghcl. Habits of Men and Women. Our Sex- 
ual Relations and Social Natures; embracing Confidential Med- 
ical Talks applied to Causes, Prevention and Cure of Chronic 
Diseases, the Natural Relations of Men and Women to Each 
Other, Society, Love, Marriage, Parentage, Diseases of Children, 
Nursing and Care of the Sick, Domestic Surgery, Materia Medica, 
Hygiene, Skin Diseases, etc., etc. Works on branches of science 
other than medicine flow from printing presses in an increasing 
stream. Books on subjects such as Biology, Chemistry, Astron- 
omy and Political Economy are widely read and freely discussed. 
Why should medicine alone be monopolized by its professors and 
denied the public ? What an incalculable amount of suffering 
might be prevented, and how many lives might be lengthened, did 
a more general acqnaintance with the nature of diseases and 
mode of preventing them exist. This valuable work divulges all 
the secrets known to medical science. 

The book is printed from large, clear type on a superior quality 
of wove paper, 1,200 pages. Large, 8vo., cloth. Size, 8x10, with 
special cover designs in colored inks, marbled edges. 
Price $5.00 

A Compendium of Domestic Medicine s^g 

Henry McMutrie, M. D. A great family medical adviser and com- 
panion of pocket size, with illustrations of all essential parts of 
the human body with treatise on all ordinary diseases. The book 
is fully illustrated and contains 256 large bright pages. Hand- 
somely bound, silk cloth with gold design on back and side. 
Price 75cts. 

The Henneberry Company Make Good Books. 
Send for their complete catalogue 

16 



«*« 6- 1»» 



iS. RY ° FC0 ^RESS 




009 786 163 8 



